Thursday, March 28, 2024
Climate and Virology Topics Presented to the UN General Assembly 2024-03 Jorma Jyrkkanen BSc PDP Researcher
Sunday, February 4, 2024
A Hypothesis for Prion Disease Jorma Jyrkkanen Researcher 2/4/24
Prion Diseases CWD, CJD, BSE, Crappie, KURU Busted. A Hypothesis. 30 Sept 2018 Jorma Jyrkkanen
Sep. 30th, 2018 at 11:00 AM
Jormawankenobe Plays Electric 12 String
Original: BSE, Crappie, CWD, CJD Busted?? 30 Sept 2018
Jorma Jyrkkanen, Researcher
Glutamine linked to toxic beta-pleated alpha helices in the conformation of prions. So where and why does glutamine suddenly start this process. A single prion polymer may be the trigger from what I can tell.
"Our computational and experimental analyses indicate that Qs (glutamine), specifically, increase the propensity for toxic interactions by disordered proteins, which, in turn, may contribute to the pathology of Q-rich proteins in disease."
My suspicion turns now to dietary sources and here they are: High glutamine Foods: While animal proteins are highly rich in glutamine, there are numerous vegetables as well that would do the trick. Meat. Meat contains very high amount of protein. Seafood. Fish is a great source of glutamine, Milk, Nuts, eggs, cabbage, Protein drinks, Beans, Protein Drinks.
But, how does the glutamine get past the blood brain barrier? Doesn't have t not that it cannot find a way by say a mutant transporter. Glutamine is synthesized by brain Glial cells and is transformed into glutamate by mitochondrial enzyme glutaminase. My suspicion now transfers to brain mitochondrial health and glutaminase production and Glial cell glutamine production and damaged blood brain barriers to dietary glutamine permeability.
Here I get an AHA moment. I recall a mitochondrial antibiotic study by Sameer Calghatgi. Antibiotics can produce lipid peroxides which can rupture mitochondria and ROS which can lead to mutations in P53 genes. This is a clue the stressor that might be linked to aberrant glutamine production by Glial cells (might not be getting the enzyme for conversion to glutamate ) so that antibiotics or related substances trigger pathological prion folding by excess glutamine buildup in the brain.
microRNAs might be connected to this story by virtue of being a bad boy in the protein folding story. EMBO J. 2014 Jul 1; 33(13): 1428–1437 Emde and Hornstein Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, non-coding RNAs, which provides broad silencing activity of mRNA targets in a sequence-dependent fashion. This review explores the hypothesis that the miRNA machinery is intimately linked with the cellular stress pathway and apparatus. Stress signaling potentially alters the function of the miRNA-bioprocessing core components and decompensates regulation. In addition, dysregulation of miRNA activity renders the cell more prone to stress and emerges as a new pathway for age-related insults and diseases, such as neurodegeneration.Keywords: cellular stress, dicer, disease, micrornas, stress granules
Worth testing.
The views and opinions expressed in this paper are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CAPI.
The Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute
960 Carling Avenue, CEF Building 60
Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6
Telephone: 613-759-1027
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Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute
Chronic Wasting Disease and the Canadian Agriculture and Agri-food Sectors: Current Knowledge, Risks
and Policy Options
i
Liability Statement
This report was developed based on current information and accepted disciplinary methodology. Users of
the data and information contained herein are solely responsible for its use. The authors are not liable for
any loss or damage arising from use of the information contained in this report.
Funding and Disclaimer
The report was prepared as information for the Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute. However, the views
and opinions expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank CAPI for the opportunity to develop this report and for their feedback
and commentary. The authors would also like to thank the funding agencies who supported research that
provided information reported in this manuscript. These agencies include the Alberta Prion Research
Institute, Genome Alberta, Genome Canada, PrionNet and SSHRC. The authors would also like to thank
collaborators at the University of Alberta, University of Calgary and government agencies for their
support, collaboration and commentary on the analysis of the social science aspects of CWD, including,
Brenda Parlee, Lusi Xie, Anne Hubbs, Evie Merrill, Hermann Schaetzl, Matt Besko and Margo Pybus.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Penny Greenwood of the CFIA for her valuable comments on an
earlier draft of this report. We also wish to thank the participants in the CAPI workshops and the
anonymous reviewers for comments. Remaining errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors.
Suggested Citation
Adamowicz, W., Goddard, E, Luckert, M and J. Pattison-Williams, with A. Otero Garcia, D. McKenzie,
J. Aiken, G. Durocher, Merlin Uwalaka, A. Klotz and J. Flesch. 2021. Chronic Wasting Disease and the
Canadian Agriculture and Agri-food Sectors: Current Knowledge, Risks and Policy Options. A Report
Prepared for the Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute.
Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute
Chronic Wasting Disease and the Canadian Agriculture and Agri-food Sectors: Current Knowledge, Risks
and Policy Options
ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects cervid (deer) species and has been found
in both wild and farmed populations in the U.S., Canada and abroad. In this report policy options that
may be relevant to reducing the impact of CWD on the Canadian agri-food and agriculture sector are
described. Given the nature of the disease, policy options are relevant to either the farmed or wild sector
or both, as appropriate. The policy options are situated in the context of the current state of knowledge,
stakeholder and rightsholder risk perceptions and policy preferences.
The disease was initially observed in research facilities of Colorado and Wyoming in the late 1960s. In
Canada, the first CWD cases were identified, retrospectively, in mule deer at the Toronto Zoo, from post-
mortems on animal samples from deaths over the period 1973 to 1981 (7 positive animals found from
deaths occurring over the period 1975 to 1979) (Dubé et al, 2006). The first farmed cervid was found with
the disease in 1996 in a Saskatchewan elk farm (in captive elk that were imported from South Dakota
(Williams and Miller, 2002)). In the following years, CWD was detected in farmed white-tailed deer and
elk in Alberta and in wild cervid populations from Saskatchewan and Alberta (Kahn et al., 2004). CWD
was found in a red deer farm in Quebec in 2018. CWD prevalence in North America has greatly
increased in the last decade. Prion infectivity persists in the environment—animal carcasses, predator
faeces, soil and plants—for more than 10 years, serving as a long-term source of infection (Georgsson et
al., 2006).
To date, no natural transmission of CWD to species outside the Cervidae family has been documented in
wild or domestic animal populations but research is on-going. The transmission of prions from one
species to another is limited by a transmission barrier. The strength of this barrier depends on multiple
factors including the primary sequence of the PrPC of the new host and the PrPCWD from the inoculum
and the transmitted prion strain (e.g., Hill et al., 2000). Experimental data, however, has shown that the
transmission of CWD to other species, such as cats, pig, sheep and rodents, is possible.
Of special concern is the possible transmission of CWD to non-cervid species used in the human food
supply chain, especially cattle and other livestock, due to the potential emergence of prions with zoonotic
capacity (as with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)). The interaction of cattle and cervids is
common in CWD-affected areas of North America. CWD agents from different species (white-tailed
deer, mule deer and elk) are transmissible to cattle after intracerebral inoculation (Hamir et al., 2005;
Hamir et al., 2007b; Hamir et al., 2011b; Greenlee et al., 2012), and the characteristics of the disease are
very different from BSE (Hamir et al., 2011b). In experimental treatments, no oral transmission of CWD
to cattle has occurred, and no CWD prions were detected in cattle that were exposed to CWD-
contaminated paddocks for 10 years (Williams et al., 2018). Thus, the risk of CWD transmission to cattle
from normal interaction with cervids is currently believed to be very low. There is no evidence of
transmission to humans, yet there are concerns about the zoonotic potential of CWD. Nonetheless,
questions remain regarding CWD transmission to other wild and domestic animals, into the human food
supply (in the case of untested animals and antler velvet) or to humans themselves. Further research into
Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute
Chronic Wasting Disease and the Canadian Agriculture and Agri-food Sectors: Current Knowledge, Risks
and Policy Options
iii
these issues is needed. Furthermore, active disease management practices are warranted to minimize the
risk of CWD transmission.
The perspectives of rightsholders and stakeholders impacted by CWD are important for future policies.
Using primary survey data, supplemented by secondary data sources, we present the level of knowledge,
attitudes and management preferences for CWD. Although the methods to elicit these perspectives has
some variation due to the unique characteristics of each group, several trends were observed:
Canadian Public:
• Over time, the number of people who have ever eaten venison has increased. Eating frequency
does not appear to be increasing across the population over time
• Awareness and knowledge of CWD has dramatically declined across time.
• The public is significantly interested in mandatory CWD animal testing before meat is marketed
and continues to be interested in supporting tax increases to pay for management or surveillance.
This implies that healthy cervid populations are important to the Canadian public.
Indigenous Rightsholders
• Ungulates (noting particularly caribou to whom transmission is possible) are a major component
of food security for Indigenous peoples, but also contribute to significant cultural values
including sharing networks.
• Concerns about cultural tipping points, arising from environmental conditions, costs, and time
constraints of local people, have been expressed by First Nations. However, safety of ungulate
meat is an important concern, given the dietary role of cervids.
• The Alberta Assembly of Tribal Chiefs, representing First Nations in Treaty 6, 7 and 8, passed a
resolution in June 2019 supporting collaborative research on CWD surveillance.
• There are questions about how the continued spread of CWD, as well as management efforts
(e.g., health advisories), has the potential to contribute to increased food insecurity among
Indigenous communities, whose traditional economies are also compromised by other stresses,
such as habitat degradation and climate change.
• A greater role of communities in disease surveillance (e.g., monitoring) and in decisions of
wildlife management may contribute to both social and ecological resilience. Communication and
management programs must be centered in the Indigenous communities with recognition of the
importance of the cultural significance and context of wildlife.
Cervid Producers
• Cervid farming in Canada was a relatively new industry when CWD was discovered in the
farmed sector in Canada.
Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute
Chronic Wasting Disease and the Canadian Agriculture and Agri-food Sectors: Current Knowledge, Risks
and Policy Options
iv
• CWD caused a serious negative economic shock to the industry, which has been declining in total
farms and total animals since CWD was found.
• Cervid farmers are very aware of and knowledgeable about CWD due to the significant economic
impact on the industry
• The herd certification program (originally VHCP, now HCP), initiated in 2002 and revamped in
2018, is aimed at preventing CWD exposure, certifying safe cervid production for consumption
or trade purposes, and is a prerequisite for the federal government undertaking destruction of a
confirmed infected herd and compensating owners should CWD be discovered. Some provinces
have complementary programs.
• Mandatory testing for all farmed cervids slaughtered (or other deaths) in Alberta, Saskatchewan,
Manitoba, Quebec (rather than sampling as was done prior to 2018) and the Yukon makes testing
rates for CWD among farmed cervids higher than in wild cervids; positive cases recently are
lower in absolute numbers relative to wild cervids.
Alberta Hunters
• An extensive CWD monitoring and surveillance program, and hunter surveys in the province,
have shown relatively constant hunter awareness and perceptions of CWD over time.
• License sales are not declining over time, indicating that hunters are not reducing their effort,
even with moderately high levels of CWD present. Hunters are concerned about CWD impacts on
wildlife herd health, and do not think eradication is likely.
• US research indicates reduced hunting effort occurs when CWD reaches high (>30%) prevalence
levels. While this is not evident yet in Canada, increasing numbers of hunters are checking
prevalence levels prior to draw submission, indicating a shift could occur if prevalence increases
dramatically.
• Management options such as hunting season expansion can provide a high benefit-low cost
approach to CWD management rather than financially and socially costly herd reduction
approaches.
• The removal of the replacement tag program in Alberta in 2019 (for harvested deer that test
positive) was not popular among some hunters although recent data suggests that the majority of
hunters are not opposed to this change in program. (Source: Adamowicz et al. 2019, 2020).
Professional Outfitters
• Survey results show that outfitters had the highest awareness of the disease in wild cervids when
compared with other stakeholder groups, yet did not support CWD management options that
increase hunting of animals
• Their views about acceptable management strategies differ considerably from hunter views and
from views of the public
• Even given the severity of CWD spread in parts of the country, CWD is not seen to be the most
significant risk to outfitter livelihood associated with cervid populations.
Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute
Chronic Wasting Disease and the Canadian Agriculture and Agri-food Sectors: Current Knowledge, Risks
and Policy Options
v
Cow Calf Cattle Operations
• Wild ungulates are a concern in terms of disease transmission (CWD and other diseases) and feed
consumption.
• Producers generally like cervids and do not want to see them eradicated from their properties and
worry about costs of reducing contact between cattle and cervids.
• Preliminary results indicate limited concern over possible trade barriers impacting the beef
industry due to CWD.
There are numerous policy response areas related to CWD that are being considered. The policy space is
complicated by the potential for the disease to cross both wildlife and domesticated animals, as well as
provincial and national borders. Commensurately, there are a complex set of agencies associated with
parts of the policy environment. No one agency has authority over all of the recommended or identified
policy areas considered below. Associated industries are also involved in policy making processes and
could implement codes of conduct to address CWD. However, clarifying which and how policy options
might be implemented (including identifying any coordinating agency responsibilities) is still to be
determined. The disease is considered to have differing degrees of urgency among constituencies and
development of policies based on risk assessments must be careful not to be too reactive as the trade-offs
can be difficult to assess ex ante.
Despite these difficulties, we identify and discuss 10 policy options. The focus is primarily on policies
that directly (cervid farm) and indirectly (through reducing spread and prevalence in the wild) affect the
Canadian agri-food and agriculture sectors. The ten options chosen are those for which there are frequent
recommendations or for which the outcomes seem clearer given previous policies applied across a range
of North American jurisdictions and based on research findings to date. In most cases, due to limited
publicly available data on the costs of programs which have been implemented by federal or provincial
agencies, it is not possible to develop consistent measures of costs or benefits of the suggested policies to
specific groups. Decisions around policy adoption in this area cannot purely be made on the basis of
market costs and benefits as the disease being managed has the capacity to inflict high non-market costs.
Significant research is necessary to properly assess public and private market and non-market values
associated with the outcomes of policy choices. Furthermore, additional detail on a range of items
including enforcement efficacy and cost, communication approaches and other elements will be required
for a complete analysis. Nevertheless, we present an overview of ten policy areas which can be described
as having the most potential for reducing the impact of CWD on the Canadian agri-food and agriculture
sectors. Later in the document we identify a broader range of policy measures to be considered that
include investing in research and other measures to address CWD concerns. The
References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132398/
Published online 2014 May 27. doi: 10.15252/embj.201488142
PMCID: PMC4194087
PMID: 24867813
miRNAs at the interface of cellular stress and disease
Anna Emde and Eran Hornstein*
CWD and the Agrifood Industry and Hunting
Tags:
antibiotics, folding, glial cells, glutaminase, glutamine, mitochondria, prion disease
Tuesday, January 23, 2024
CHINA GAIN OF FUNCTION PERFECTS KILLER COVID 2024/01/23 JORMA JYRKKANEN ANALYST
Chinese create 100% Lethal Covid GX_P2V in Humanized hACE2 Mice Repost 2024-01-20 Jorma Jyrkkanen, Analyst
Updated: Jan. 19, 2024, 4:21 p.m.|
Published: Jan. 17, 2024, 12:50 p.m.
COVID
Chinese scientists say an experimental mutant coronavirus strain has been found to be 100% lethal to “humanized” mice, according to a report in the New York Post.Getty Images
By
Staten Island Advance
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — Chinese scientists say an experimental mutant coronavirus (COVID-19) strain has been found to be 100% lethal to “humanized” mice, according to a recent report.
The deadly virus — known as GX_P2V — was found in high volumes in the lungs and brain of mice that were engineered to reflect the genetic makeup of people, according to a study recently released in Beijing and reported by the New York Post.
“To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing that a SARS-CoV-2-related pangolin coronavirus can cause 100% mortality in hACE2 mice, suggesting a risk for GX_P2V to spill over into humans,’’ the study authors wrote.
The deadly virus is a mutated version of GX/2017, a coronavirus cousin that was said to be discovered in Pangolins three years prior to the pandemic. Pangolins, also called scaly anteaters, are mammals found in warm areas of the planet, the Post reported.
All the mice that were infected with the virus died within just eight days, the report said.
GX_P2V had infected the lungs, bones, eyes, tracheas and brain of the dead mice, ultimately causing the death of the animals.
In the days before their death, the mice had quickly lost weight, exhibited a hunched posture and were noticeably sluggish.
The report also noted that the eyes of the mice all turned completely white the day before they died, the Post reported.
Francois Balloux, an epidemiology expert at University College London’s Genetics Institute, slammed the research as “terrible” and “scientifically totally pointless,’’ according to the New York Post.
“I can see nothing of vague interest that could be learned from force-infecting a weird breed of humanized mice with a random virus. Conversely, I could see how much stuff might go wrong,” the professor wrote on X.
“The preprint does not specify the biosafety level and biosafety precautions used for the research,” he continued.
“The absence of this information raises the concerning possibility that part, or all, of this research, like the research in Wuhan in 2016-2019 that likely caused the COVID-19 pandemic, recklessly was performed without the minimal biosafety containment and practices essential for research with potential pandemic pathogens.”
Richard H. Ebright, a Rutgers University professor of chemistry and chemical biology, backed up Balloux’s concerns, according to the New York Post report.
And Dr. Gennadi Glinsky, a retired professor of medicine at Stanford, wrote on X: “This madness must be stopped before too late.”
JYRKKANEN SITREP. Strikes me this makes China untouchable in a future war. Also how much produce and passengers arrive daily from China. Students? Dollar Store items? Congrats Biden and Obama and Hillary. You’ve done it and made it so easy for them too.
Monday, May 29, 2023
Americas GLOBAL $2B gLOBAL Covert Biowarfare Illegal Program Unmasked. 2023-05-29
Pentagon Global Biowarfare Program. Liz Churchill. 2023-05-29. Analyst Jorma Jyrkkanen, Scientist
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Pentagon Global Biowarfare Program. Liz Churchill. 2023-05-29. Analyst Jorma Jyrkkanen, BSc, PDP
The REAL REASON why the DEEP STATE is protecting Ukraine…
The following slides are evidence, submitted to U.S. Congress, Inspector Generals and the Governors of each State in the Union as evidence captured in Ukraine detailing Deep State Biochemical Labs, ‘Covid-19’, child… pic.twitter.com/oKuTpyAFa3
— Liz Churchill (@liz_churchill10) May 27, 2023
My Summary
The covid-19 virus was designed to harm the immune system by attacking the mitochondrial contribution and the AIDS fragment was included to further attack the immune system. The SV40 fragment found by Japanese investigators is a cancer promoter and specifically can produce several cancers including the same one as asbestos. Loss of the mitochondria increases reactive oxygen and lipid peroxide the same as antibiotics and common pesticides. These are mutagens that can initiate many changes including but not limited to increasing the risk of cancer while loss of oxidative phosphorylation will increase aerobic glycolysis, the favorite respiration of cancer while also damaging the cardiovascular system because the heart is loaded with and mitochondria and needs them as an ATP energy source. You also lose short chain fatty acids which damages the immune system. Mitochondrial genes sustain the immune system and that contribution is diminished by their damage or loss. Data from a number of countries showed that deaths increased significantly after vaccinations. The mRNA experimental drugs are not a vaccine. They neither prevent infection or stop its spread. They don’t work because this virus mutates faster than we can make vaccines. This virus is a population reduction biowarfare agent designed to kill people and the vaccine is part of that mission. Administration of antibiotics to those sick with it may hasten their death. Please see: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346505752_Antibiotic_induced_changes_to_mitochondria_result_in_potential_contributions_to_carcinogenesis_heart_pathologies_other_medical_conditions_and_ecosystem_risks
See my findings on mitochondria important in considering future side effects.
The Chief Architects of this Depravity
Obama, Biden, Hillary, Many others.
CBC Story on Manitoba Lvl IV Lab Suggest Canada Researching Bioweapons. Is this under contract to US DOD?
Website
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PFIZER CLAIMS THEY DID NOT COMMIT FRAUD. THEY DELIVERED THE FRAUD THE GOVERNMENT ORDERED AND THE DELIVERY OF THE P(L)ANDEMIC WAS A DOD OPERATION. https://x.com/i/status/1809775084413845613
Tuesday, May 2, 2023
MEDIA COPY OF THE STORY OF AIDS AFTER THE KOPROWSKI POLIO CHIMP SERUM VACCINATIONS AROUND LEOPOLDVILLE. Jorma Jyrkkanen, ANALYST.2023-05-02
Environment Gene Interactions
Just another WordPress.com weblog
« Chimp Origin of AIDS in Koprowski’s Live Polio Vaccinations of Leopoldville Blacks, Evidence. 2023-04-29. Analyst Jorma Jyrkkanen, BSc, PDP
AIDS IN THE HANDS OF THE SECRET SERVICE. 2023-04-30 Analyst Jorma Jyrkkanen, Researcher
Jorma Jyrkkanen shared a post to Ojay PatricksDaily Monitor
DO YOU KNOW WHERE AIDS CAME FROM?? IF NOT THEN READ THIS AND SEE ALSO: https://jyrkkanenepigeneticsnews.wordpress.com/2023/04/29/chimp-origin-of-aids-in-koprowskis-live-polio-vaccinations-of-leopoldville-blacks-evidence-2023-04-29-analyst-jorma-jyrkkanen-bsc-pdp/
During the 1960s and early 1970s the World Health Organization (WHO) functioned as the omnipotent supplier and standardizing authority of the world’s experimental pharmaceuticals. In the field of virology, the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) directed the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to become, along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the WHO’s chief distributor of viruses and antiviral vaccines.
The WHO Chronicle noted by 1968—ten years into the WHO’s viral research program—”WHO virus reference centers” had served as authorized technical advisors and suppliers of “prototype virus strains, diagnostic and reference reagents (e.g., antibodies), antigens, and cell cultures” for more than “120 laboratories in 35 different countries.” Within a year of this announcement, this number increased to “592 virus laboratories.. [and] only 137 were outside Europe and North America.”
Over these 12 months, the NCI and CDC helped the WHO distribute 2,514 strains of viruses, 1,888 ampoules of antisera mainly for reference purposes, 1,274 ampoules of antigens, and about 100 samples of cell cultures. More than 70,000 individual reports of virus isolations or related serological tests had been transmitted through the WHO-NCI network.12
At the NCI in Bethesda, Maryland, from the late 1960s to the present, the chief retrovirus research laboratory was associated with the Department of Cell Tumor Biology, and chaired by Dr. Robert Gallo—an esteemed member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) who was hailed by the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Margaret Heckler in 1984 as the discoverer of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III. LAV, identical to HTLV-III had been isolated by Montagnier’s French team and allegedly forwarded to Gallo in 1983. [credit to Gallo for AIDS discovery may have been stolen from Montagnier’s Team. MONTAGNIER at the PASTEUR INSTITUTE
MILITARY ORDERS FOR AIDS-LIKE VIRUSES: THE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONTRACTORS
As early as 1970, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) appropriated at least $10 million to “initiate an adequate program through the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC)” to make a new infective microorganism which could differ in certain important aspects from any known disease-causing organisms.
Most important of these [aspects] is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease. Members of the NAS-NRC had instructed scientific leaders in the DOD this work might be accomplished “within 5 years.”4 This research was then carried out by American defense contractors despite the authorization and signing of the Geneva accord by Dr. Henry Kissinger and President Nixon outlawing the production and testing of such biological weapons.
5Also in 1970 Gallo and his co-workers presented research describing the experimental entry of bacterial ribonucleic acid (RNA) into human white blood cells (WBCs) before a special symposium sponsored by NATO.
DR ROBERT GALLO
6 The paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences discussed several possible mechanisms prompting the “entry of foreign nucleic acids” into lymphocytes—the cells principally attacked by HIV. [JYRKKANEN COM: GAIN OF FUNCTION RESEARCH-BIOWEAPON DEVELOPMENT
Prior to this, Gallo et al. had published studies identifying:
mechanisms responsible for reduced amino acid and protein synthesis by T-lymphocytes required for immunosuppression [JJ COMM: GAIN OF FUNCTION BIOWEAPON RESEARCH];7
specific enzymes required to produce such effects along with a “base pair switch mutation” in the genes of WBCs to create immune system dysfunction;8
methods by which WBC “DNA degradation” and immune system decay may be prompted by the “pooling” of purine bases and/or the addition of specific reagents.9
Subsequent studies published in 1970 by Gallo and co-workers identified “RNA dependent DNA polymerase” (i.e., the unique AIDS-linked enzyme, reverse transcriptase) responsible for “gene amplification… biochemical cyto-differentiation,” (i.e., the development of unique WBC characteristics including cancer cell production) and “leukaemogenesis”;10 and identified L-Asparaginase synthetase—a key enzyme that, if repressed, will induce treatment resistant leukemias and other cancers.[JJ COM: GAIN OF FUNCTION BIOWEAPON Research]11
The year following the $10 million appropriation by the DOD for AIDS-like biological weapons research, the NCI acquired the lion’s share of the facilities at America’s premier biological weapons testing center, Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland.[jj com: Bioweapon research].12
Perhaps not coincidentally, the Cell Tumor Biology Laboratory’s output increased in 1971 as measured by the publication of eight scientific articles by Gallo and co-workers compared to at most four in previous years.
These reports included Gallo’s discovery that by adding a synthetic RNA and feline (i.e., cat) leukemia virus (FELV) “template” to “human type C” viruses (associated with cancers of the lymph nodes), the rate of DNA production (and subsequent provirus synthesis) increased as much as thirty times. The NCI researchers reported that such a virus may cause many cancers besides leukemias and lymphomas including sarcomas. [JJ Com. Bioweapon development].13
In this 1971 report Gallo et al. also reported modifying simian (i.e., monkey) viruses by infusing them with cat leukemia RNA to make them cause cancers as seen in AIDS patients.[[JJ Com: bioweapon research]13
Furthermore, Fujioka and Gallo concluded from studies conducted in late 1969 or early 1970 that they would need to further “evaluate the functional significance of tRNA changes in tumor cells,” by designing an experiment in which “specific tumor cell tRNAs” would be “added directly to normal cells.” They explained that one way of doing this was to use viruses to deliver the foreign cancer producing tRNA to normal cells. The viruses which were then employed to do this, the researchers noted, were the simian virus (SV40) and the mouse parotid tumor (polyoma) virus.[JJ Com: bioweapon development. THIS LINE OF RESEARCH OF GALLO AND ASSOCIATES IS CLEARLY TO CREATE A SUPER BIOLOGICAL WEAPON OUT OF PATHOGENS FOR ATTACKING HUMANS]14
Such experiments clearly advanced immunodeficiency virus technology and even provided a model for the development of HIV, the AIDS virus—allegedly of simian virus descent—which similarly delivered unique enzymes and a foreign RNA to normal cells necessary to cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in animals and humans.
DEVELOPING MORE AIDS-LIKE VIRUSES
In 1972, Gallo, his superiors and inferiors studied portions of simian viruses to determine differences in RNA activity between infected versus uninfected cancer cells, and whether the differences could be ascribed to the infection and related DNA alterations.15
They stated that “by studying viral or cellular mutants or cell segregants… which have conditional variations in virus-specific cellular alterations, it should be possible to more precisely determine the biological significance of the RNA variation reported here.” Clearly, the group was working to determine the relevance of various viral genes on the development of human cancers and immune system collapse. They reported their desire to use this information to find a cure for cancer, but at this time their activity was more focused on creating various cancers as well as new carcinogenic viruses which could infect humans.
For example, Smith and Gallo published another National Academy of Sciences paper examining DNA polymerase (i.e., reverse transcriptase) activity in immature normal versus acute leukemic lymph cells. To do so, they evaluated the single stranded 70S RNA retrovirus found in chickens which causes prominent features of AIDS including WBC dysfunction, sarcomas, progressive wasting and death.16
Borrow, Smith and Gallo injected this chicken virus RNA into human WBCs to determine if the cells were prompted to produce proteins (including new viruses) encoded by the viral RNA.17 Robert, Smith and Gallo also evaluated the neoplastic effects of single stranded 70S RNA reverse transcriptase delivered by the cat leukemia virus (FELV) and the mason-Pfizer monkey virus on normal human lymphocytes (NHL).18
This work foreshadowed the observation made ten years later by the CDC’s chief AIDS researcher, Dr. Donald Francis who noted the “laundry list” of feline leukemia-like diseases associated with AIDS. [SUGGESTION IS THAT NEOPLASTIC AGENTS HAD BEEN INTRODUCED TO MAKE AIDS MORE DEADLY, A GAIN OF FUNCTION]
DR DONALD FRANCIS FLV’S
SEE ALSO A VIDEO OF HIS WORK. 3
Other examples are detailed by Gallo and co-workers while discussing their adapting monkey, rat, and bird leukemia and tumor viruses for experimental use in a human (NC-37) cell line.19 Wu, Ting and Gallo20 discussed the synthesis of new RNA tumor viruses “induced by 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine, IdU (a constituent of RNA) in rodent cell cultures, and noted that chemotherapy might be used to halt the reverse transcriptase-linked viral reproduction.
However, had HIV been synthesized for military purposes from various species components, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to prove.
PLAUSIBLE DENIABILITY ENGINEERED INTO BIOWEAPONS
As Gillespie, Gillespie and Gallo et al. noted in 1973 concerning the origin of the RD114—another cat/human bioengineered virus—”it can always be argued that” a virus which naturally jumped species (as HIV is alleged to have done from the monkey) would be expected to have antigens that differ “from the antigen found on the viruses of known” origin.21
LITTON BIONETICS – GALLO’S LINK TO THE DOD
Dow Bought Litton Bionetics.
Four years later, during a U.S. Senate investigation of illegal “biological testing involving human subjects by the Department of Defense,” Senators learned that Bionetics, Bionetics Research Laboratories, and Litton Bionetics—an organization which, along with the NCI, administered and provided Dr. Gallo’s research funding10,13,15,17-19,22,26 were not only acknowledged DOD biological weapons contractors, but their affiliated Litton Systems, Inc., was among the most frequently contracted institutions involved in biological weapons research and development between 1960 and 1970 (the end of the reported period).23
Additional biological weapons contractors with whom Dr. Gallo and/or his co-workers associated during the late 1960s and early 1970s included the
University of Chicago,24
Texas,13 Virginia,
25 and Yale,
17 Merck and Co. Inc.,
20
Hazelton Laboratory, site of the famous 1989 Marburg-Ebola-like (Reston) virus outbreak.
22
NCI staff reports revealed that Litton Bionetics had been granted the service contract to supply all NCI researchers, worldwide, with virtually every primate cancer research material requested, including seed viruses, viral hybrids, cell lines, experimental reagents, and African colony born monkeys including M. mulatta and C. aethiops which were associated with the major monkey AIDS virus outbreaks in California’s Davis Lab, and the 1967 Marburg virus outbreaks in three European vaccine production facilities.
15-17
Litton Bionetics chief John Landon reported an experiment begun in 1965 when he inoculated 18 monkeys with rhaabdovirus simian—a rabies virus known to cause Ebola-like hemorrhagic fever in monkeys. “Nine [monkeys] died or were transferred,” to allied laboratories or vaccine production facilities. This shipment was likely to have started the first hemorrhagic fever “Marburg virus” outbreak among European vaccine laboratory workers in 1967. As noted by the world’s leading simian virus expert at the time, Dr. Seymour Kalter, the Marburg virus was apparently manmade.23-25
LITTON BIONETICS JOHN LANDON SO RESULT IN SEARCH. CLEARLY CLANDESTINE OPERATION.
In fact, Litton Bionetics, the chief military and industrial supplier of primates for cancer virus experimentation during the 1960s and early 1970s, also maintained the colony of the specific genus of monkeys associated with all of the major monkey AIDS virus outbreaks in the United States.23
Through telephone interviews with Litton Bionetics and MedPath administrators, I learned that Bionetics Research Laboratories had been sold to MedPath Corporation—one of America’s largest medical and blood testing laboratories—a division of Dow Corning. Dow Corning’s parent, Dow Chemical Company, was also listed among the Army’s chief biological weapons contractors during the 1960s and early 1970s.26,27
Litton Bionetics, a subsidiary of Litton Industries, Inc. remains in business as a proprietor of the Frederick Cancer Research Center, a “privately owned, government contracted” facility. Bionetics, it was noted, currently acts as an agency under, “contract to manage and operate the Frederick (Md.) [Fort Detrick affiliated] Cancer Research Center for the National Cancer Institute.”27
Besides administering research grants and government funds earmarked for the NCI, Litton Bionetics also developed a division which produced and marketed test kits for blood-borne, infectious diseases including mononucleosis, hepatitis B, and AIDS.28 This division was sold to Organon Teknica in 1985.26
Apparently, the military-medical-industrial complex was well aware of Litton Industries’ service as a DOD and NATO contractor. In 1978, the company was indicted for filing false claims for $37 million in cost-over-runs during the building of three nuclear submarines under one of several multi-billion dollar defense contracts.29’34
ZAIRE AND ANGOLA: A CIA MILITARY ARENA
Between 1970 and 1975, the period the NAS-NCR scientific advisors informed DOD decision-makers that AIDS-like viruses could be readied,4 American cold war efforts focused on Zaire and Angola.33-35 Following the withdrawal of American forces in Vietnam, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ordered the CIA to begin a major covert military operation against MPLA (communist bloc backed) “rebels” in Angola.36-37
Zaire, indebted by over $4.5 billion to the International Monetary Fund, and headed by President Mobutu—paradoxically regarded as one of the world’s wealthiest men with “a personal fortune put at $2,939,200,000 [1984 estimate] banked in Switzerland—was wooed by NATO allies during the 1970s (principally the U.S.) to be a staging area for CIA backed, Portuguese, French, and mainly South African mercenaries.38,39
“American corporate investment, notably in copper and aluminum, doubled to about $50 million following a 1970 visit by Mobutu to the United States. Major investors included Chase-Manhattan, Ford, General Motors, Gulf, Shell, Union Carbide, and several other large concerns.”43
However, in 1975 Mobutu apparently turned against NATO allies and increased negotiations with China and Russia40-41 He proclaimed his intention to nationalize foreign owned enterprises.4243 In June 1975, following the CIA’s thwarted efforts to convince the U.S. Congress to appropriate more funds for Mobutu and the Angola program (A total of $31.7 million had already been “drawn from the CIA’s FY 75 contingency fund” which was “exhausted on 27 November 1975”).39 Mobutu expelled the American ambassador and arrested many of the CIA’s Zairian agents, placing some under death sentences.40,41
The following year, in October 1976, the “Ebola Zaire virus” broke-out in “fifty five villages surrounding the [Yambuku] hospital” first killing “people who had received injections.” Mobutu then ordered his army to “seal off the Bumba zone with roadblocks” and “shoot anyone trying to come out” so “no one knew what was happening, who was dying, [or] what the virus was doing.”44
Shortly thereafter, Ebola victim specimens were sent to the CDC, Special (meaning “secret” within the American intelligence community) Pathogens Branch; to Porton, England’s controversial chemical and biological weapons (CBW) laboratories;45 and teams of WHO and CDC researchers were dispatched to the Ebola region in Mobutu’s private, American supplied C-130 Buffalo troop transport plant.44
By the end of 1976, the Zairian leader had reconciled his differences with the American intelligence and corporate communities believing that Zaire would continue to reap his non-communist allies’ social and economic aid. On April 4, 1977, Mobutu suspended diplomatic relations with Cuba; on April 21, reduced ties with the Soviet Union; and on May 2, he cut ties with East Germany.46
Meanwhile, according to John Stockwell, Former Chief of the CIA’s Angola Task Force, “the United States was exposed, dishonored and discredited in the eyes of the world,” as “15,000 Cubans were installed in Angola”40 despite the CIA’s best efforts and a continuing policy of lying “to State Department officials, Congressmen, American press, and world public opinion in varying degrees, depending on the need” about the CIA’s covert military campaign in Angola and Zaire.39
Throughout 1976 and 1977, Mobutu, NATO, and the CIA, constrained by the Tunney, Cranston and Clark amendment which prevented the expenditure of American funds in Zaire/Angola, except to gather intelligence,39 remained embroiled in the “Shaba rebellion” against allegedly Russian-backed “Katangan rebels.”46
At the same time, perhaps not coincidentally, NATO ally West Germany was pouring financial aid into Zaire and white ruled South Africa.47-49 The Northeast region of Zaire, believed to be the epicenter of the AIDS epidemic, was specifically targeted for West German economic aid and industrialization.50
The “long tradition of friendship between Germans and South Africans” London’s African Development noted, “dates back from the first waves of white immigrants to South Africa and the feeling of solidarity between Germans and Afrikaners during the Boer War, continuing throughout the First World War and then the Second World War.
Many of today’s Nationalist leaders in Pretoria,” the paper reported, “were Nazi sympathizers: many ex-Nazis settled in South Africa after 1945 . . .”48
THE WEST GERMAN COMPANY OTRAG
Not surprising then, on March 26, 1976 Mobutu signed what the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) reported was a “secret agreement” with the West German company OTRAG (Orbital Transport-und Raketen-Aktiengesellschaft) to lease 260,000 square kilometers—essentially the complete Kivu province—for military/industrial purposes for the sum of DM 800,000,000 (approximately $250 million at that time).51-54
The contract “made OTRAG sovereign over territories once inhabited by 760,000 people”54 in the Eastern and South-central portion of Zaire. The leased property positioned North of the Shaba militarized region, expanded Southeast along the Congo River—the countries main waterway, and south of the Kinshasa highway—better known as the “AIDS Highway” which runs through Zaire’s Northeast corridor and across central Africa bypassing the “Isle of Plaques,” Mount Elgon and Kitum Cave allegedly by the author of The Hot Zone to be the breeding ground for the Ebola, Marburg, and AIDS viruses.44
OTRAG was apparently authorized to conduct any “excavation and construction; including air fields, energy plants, communication systems, and manufacturing plants. All movement of people into and within the OTRAG territory was only with permission of OTRAG, [which was] absolved from any responsibility for damage caused by construction. Its people enjoy complete immunity from the laws of Zaire in the granted territory, until the year 2000.”56
Believed to be of military intelligence gathering significance to NATO46-48,55,56
OTRAG and its principals were traced back to the West German government and,
“to those Nazi scientists who worked on VI and V2 rockets during World War II. For example, Dr. Kurt H. Debus, Chairman of the Board of OTRAG, once worked at the Peenemude V2 program and later, until 1975, worked as director of the Cape Canaveral (now Cape Kennedy) space program.
Richard Gompertz, OTRAG’s technical director and a U.S. citizen, once was a specialist on V2 engines and later presided over NASA’s Chrysler space division. Lutz Thilo Kayer, OTRAG’s founder and manager, when young was quite close to the Nazi rocket industry, often called ‘Dadieu’s young man,’ a reference to Armin Dadieu, his mentor, who served as prominent SS officer and as Gorling’s special representative for a research program on storing uranium.
While working for OTRAG Kayser also acted as a contact for the West German government, a special advisor to the Minister of Research and Technology on matters concerning OTRAG. He was also on the ad hoc committee on… [America’s] Apollo program.”56
In 1979, under pressure from the Soviet Union and Zaire’s neighboring countries, Mobutu announced OTRAG would “halt its rocket testing” program. It was clear, however, strong diplomatic, military, and economic ties between West Germany, the U.S. and Zaire continued.49-57
COLD WAR PROPAGANDA VERSUS THE HARD CORE FACTS
According to the latest United States Army (USA) report, the “outlandish claim” that the AIDS virus was developed as a biological weapon for the Pentagon was communist propaganda
“disavowed in 1987 by then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, who apologized to President Ronald Reagan for the accusation.”58
However, more recently, the high ranking Soviet press official Boris Belitskiy, offered an alternative account regarding the origin of such “propaganda”.59
“Several U.S. Administration officials such as USIA [CIA] Director Charles Wick, have accused the Soviet Union of having invented this theory for propaganda purposes. But actually it is not Soviet scientists at all who first came up with this theory,” Belitskiy reported.
“It was first reported in Western journals by Western scientists, such as Dr. John Seale, a specialist on venereal diseases at two big London hospitals.
“Just recently a Soviet journalist in Algeria, Aleksandr Zhukov, managed to interview a European physician at the Moustapha Hospital there, who made some relevant disclosures on the subject. In the early seventies, this physician, an immunologist, was working for the West German OTRAG Corporation in Zaire. His laboratory had been given the assignment to cultivate viruses ordinarily affecting animals but constituting a potential danger to man.
They were particularly interested in certain unknown viruses isolated from the African green monkey, and capable of such rapid replication that they could completely destabilize the immune system. These viruses, however, were quite harmless for human beings and the lab’s assignment was to develop a mutant virus that would be a human killer.”7-11,13-22
“Did they succeed?” the announcer asked.
“To a large extent, yes,” Belitskiy replied. “The lab was ordered to wind up the project and turn the results over to certain U.S. researchers, who had been following this work with keen interest, to such an extent that some of the researchers believed they were in reality working not for the West German OTRAG Corporation but for the Pentagon.”
59
Two years after Belitskiy’s announcement, in 1991, Dr. Jacobo Segal, professor emeritus of Berlin’s Humboldt University told the international press that the Pentagon theory of AIDS made sense. He alleged the virus was likely developed “through gene technology” as a result of Pentagon sponsored animal research, “to permit the attack on human immune cells.” Furthermore, he reported this theory is “supported by many European scientists and has not been refuted.”60
In 1977, at the height of OTRAG’s Zairian missile testing phase, Litton Industries units received contracts worth: $5 million for medical electron-ic equipment from its Hellige division, in Freiburg, West Germany;61 $19.8 million worth of missile fire-control equipment from the Army;62 $32.9 million for electronic reconnaissance sensor equipment from the Air Force;63 and in 1978 $11.3 million worth of computerized communications systems for NATO.64 Some of these military supplies may have been earmarked for OTRAG.65
Moreover, given the “cooperation between NATO and the World Health Organization with regard to the control and regulation of the international exchange of pharmaceutical products, [and] the possible necessity of facing the dangers created by the use of chemical or bacteriological weapons”66
[JJ COM: PLANDEMIC CREATORS, NATO ALLIES ENGAGED IN EVIL MURDEROUS ENTERPRISES BUT HAILED AS LIBERATORS AND PROTECTOR OF DEMOCRACY.
it appears noteworthy that the outbreaks of the world’s most feared and deadly viruses Marburg, Ebola, Reston, and AIDS—share the dubious distinction of breaking out in or around zones of U.S. and West German, NATO-allied, military experimentation at the height of the cold war.]
Increased political/military interest in Central Africa, and a burgeoning of WHO and NCI contracts for the supply of simians for “defensive” research.44
AIDS, GAYS, BLACKS AND THE CIA
It is also noteworthy that in 1975, five years following the signing of the Geneva accord by Nixon, congressional records revealed that the USPHS through the Special (i.e., covert) Operations Division of the Army continued to supply biological weapons including deadly neurotoxins and viruses to the CIA which illegally stored them in their Fort Detrick facility for future unsanctioned uses.67
Though records of who initiated and directed this covert activity were destroyed by the CIA, along with the famous Watergate tapes,68 Mr. Nathan Gordon, Former Chief of the CIA’s Chemistry Branch, Technical Services Division confessed knowledge that some of the stored substances were to be used to,
“study immunization methods for diseases vis-a-vis—who knows, cancer.”69
Furthermore, following Nixon’s resignation, President Ford and Henry Kissinger were made aware that the CIA maintained a residual supply of biological weapons, but neither ordered their destruction according to testimony pro-vided by Former CIA Director Richard Helms.70
In subsequent congressional hearings before the Senate Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, it was revealed that George W Merck, “of the prominent Merck pharmaceutical firm,” directed America’s biological weapons manufacturing industry for decades following World War II.71 Merck & Company, Inc. was also listed among the DOD biological weapons contractors.72 Merck, Sharp and Dohme provided major financial support for the earliest hepatitis B vaccination studies conducted simultaneously in Central Africa and New York City during the early 1970s.
Several authorities have argued these vaccine trials might best explain the unique and varying epidemiological patterns of HIV/AIDS transmission between the U.S. and Africa.
“The vaccine was prepared in the laboratories of the Department of Virus and Cell Biology Research, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, West Point, Pennsylvania. The placebo, [was] also prepared in the Merck Laboratories.”72
During the holocaust, Nazi scientists assayed non-Arian blood to deter-mine race specific disease susceptibilities. Blacks and homosexuals, along with Jews, were persecuted by the Nazis. Over 10,000 gay men were murdered.3
Similarly, U.S. intelligence agencies have been targeting blacks and gays for assassinations, harassment, illegal wire taps, and counterintelligence campaigns from the McCarthy era in the 1950s through the Reagan era in the 1980s. American black and gay civil rights groups and their leaders were considered communist threats during the cold war years— particularly during the late 1960s and early 1970s when Nixon, Kissinger, and Hoover supported COINTELPRO funding for covert FBI and CIA activities aimed at neutralizing all such domestic and foreign black and homosexual threats.74-78
The use of Third World people and American blacks and prisoners for unconscionable pharmaceutical experimentation and covert economic, social, and environmental exploitation by the U.S. and other western countries has been repeatedly alleged by reputable sources.79
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Simmons ML. Biohazards and Zoonotic Problems of Primate Procurement, Quarantine and Research: Proceedings of a Cancer Research Safety Symposium. March 19, 1975, Conducted at the Frederick Cancer Research Center, Frederick, Maryland. DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 76-890, pp. 27;50-52.
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Freemantle B. CIA. Briarcliff Manor, NY: Scarborough House/Stein and Day Publishers. 1983, pp. 184-185.
Kumar S. Op cit., p. 72;74-76;91-92.
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African Development, London. Africa General: U.S. sends more intelligence personnel to Africa. In: Africa Diary, February 5-11, 1977, p. 8335. Reference notes Mr. William H. Crosson, chief of two branches of counter-intelligence in Vietnam according to the Pentagon was appointed in 1977 to be the Director of US Peace Corps activity in Zaire.
Covert NM. Cutting Edge: A history of Fort Detrick, Maryland, 1943-1993. Fort Detrick, MD: Headquarters, U.S. Army Garrison, 1993, p. 54.
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Staff reporter. Litton Industries Unit Gets Job. Wall Street Journal. September 15, 1977, p. 4, Column 1.
Staff reporter. Litton Systems Inc. awarded $19.8 million Army con-tract for missile fire-control equipment. Wall Street Journal, Decem-ber 19, 1977, p. 21, Column 1.
Staff reporter. Litton Systems Inc. was given a $32.9 million Air Force contract for electronic reconnaissance sensor equipment. Wall Street Journal, Friday, December 30, 1977, p. 6, Column 1.
Staff reporter. Litton Industries Gets Order. Wall Street Journal, Tuesday, February 14, 1978, p. 33, Column 2.
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Ibid., p. 139-140;195.
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Ibid., pp. 22-23.
Ibid., p. 61
Ibid., p. 82;98.
Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ob. cit., pp. 5;91.
Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Harley EJ, Zang EA, 01eszk__ WR, William DC, Sadovsky R, Morrison JM and Kellnes___ . Hepatitis B vaccine: Demonstration of efficacy in a controlled clinical trial in a Suppressed Inventions and Other Discoveries high-risk population in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 1980;303;15:833-841.
Figure on display at The U.S. Holocaust Museum, Washington, D.C.
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West African Pilot, Lagos and West Africa, London. U.S. leader’s death abruptly ends African-American relations meeting. In Africa Diary, April 16-22, 1971, pp. 5428-5429.
Falk R, Kim SS and Mendlovitz SH. The perversion of science and technology: An Indictment. In: Studies on a Just World Order, Volume 1, Toward a just world order. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 359-363.
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https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1997/eirv24n44-19971031/eirv24n44-19971031_018-origins_of_the_aids_virus_accide.pdf
Kissinger a key link in this story.
Admission by Mercks Dr. Maurice Hilleman AIDS in Vaccine Monkey Serum. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8FCJ_VPyns
SV40 Acccompanied monkey serum AIDS virus. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15322523/
INVESTIGATION INTO DR. KOPROWSKI’S USE OF LIVE CHIMP SERUM IN LEOPOLDVILLE ARE FOR POLIO MAY HAVE BEEN THE TRUE ORIGIN OF AIDS.
This is where Aids started. I’m quite sure’
Scientists say Aids began accidentally when a chimp infected a human. But one man, Ed Hooper, who has spent nine years investigating the origins of the disease, believes western virologists developing polio vaccines in 1950s Africa unwittingly unleashed the HIV virus. Yesterday the debate intensified, as Hooper faced his critics. John Vidal on a medical detective story that is dividing science
John Vidal and James Meek
Tuesday 12 September 2000
The Guardian
The Belgian Congo, 1959. The winds of change are sweeping through Africa. Independence from the old European powers is gathering pace. There are riots for self-determination in the capital, Stanleyville (now Kisangani, Congo), and chaos everywhere. Here, almost on the equator in one of the remotest areas of one of the least-known countries of the least-understood continent, experiments and decisions are being made which may affect the lives of millions of people around the world now and in years to come.
In Europe and America concern is at its peak over the most feared western disease of the time – polio. Poliovirus is common enough. It mostly gives mild, flu-like symptoms, but occasionally it attacks the spinal cord and leads to paralysis. Yet if it develops in children or young people who have not built up a natural immunity, as in the more sanitised and hygiene conscious postwar west, it can be devastating.
Large-scale epidemics are leaving tens of thousands of children and young adults in Britain and the US crippled. Queues of children lining up to be vaccinated and pictures of youngsters wearing metal braces and adults in iron lungs are having much the same effect as pictures of Aids sufferers today. The former US president Franklin D Roosevelt has been afflicted. People fear to open their windows or go to swimming pools where there is an epidemic.
Virology and immunology are rapidly developing but they are still uncertain sciences, and a global, commercially driven race between teams of scientists to develop and licence more effective and cheaper polio vaccines is well under way. Some favour inactivated polio vaccines (IPVs) administered by needle, others the oral kind (OPVs). One group, led by Dr Hilary Koprowski, a Polish-born American virologist, has, three years ago, set up the Lindi research camp in the deep forest five miles from Kinshasa.
Koprowski, a brilliant scientist and accomplished pianist, was the first man to develop and give a “live” oral polio vaccine to a human. He tells people he is now putting the finishing touches to a new vaccine which he has named Chat, and that it is being tested it on hundreds of thousands of Africans before it is licensed in the west.
What exactly took place at Lindi camp in the late 1950s is cloaked in secrecy. Forty years on, only the most basic details of the research and vaccination programmes carried out by Koprowski’s young American/ Belgian team have been fully reported. The team and drug companies involved admit that some of the records have been lost, memories have faded.
What is known is that Koprowski and his team had brought to Camp Lindi great numbers of chimps. It is known, too, that the white doctors carried out safety tests on their vaccine by injecting Chat into the chimps’ spines. They also carried out efficacy tests by vaccinating the animals and then challenging them with virulent polio viruses.
But what if the Lindi scientists were also experimenting – secretly but quite legally – by growing the vaccine not in monkey cells but in different types of primate cell substrates (the tissue culture used in vaccine production), specifically chimp kidneys? And if so, could some of the batches of the Chat vaccine, sent to the US, Europe or to African laboratories, have been contaminated with the Aids virus naturally carried by some of the chimps? And could the mass experimental Chat vaccinations that continued throughout French speaking central Africa from 1957-1960 have unwittingly led to the rapid dissemination of the Aids virus through the population?
In short, could the Lindi camp and the laboratories used by the western doctors effectively have been the source of Aids, the disease that has to date killed more than 35m people?
No, say Koprowski, Paul Osterrieth and Stanley Plotkin, three of the white team at Lindi. Now elderly, every member of the team involved in the Chat programme has strongly and categorically denied that chimp kidneys were ever used to make vaccine.
There are few clues or signs at Lindi today, and the Mission Courtois Koprowski Experimental Centre is fast returning to the forest from which it was hacked. The five-acre clearing is a silent place, almost completely overgrown and approachable only by a narrow track. A few deteriorating mud and brick walls of the camp superviser’s house remain, together with bits of metal and open culverts. The local villagers have cultivated a small area to grow sweet potatoes, and unearthed the centre’s foundation stone.
“But this is where Aids started, I’m quite sure,” says Ed Hooper, the British journalist/researcher who has spent nine years and £100,000 of his own money investigating the origins of the global pandemic and particularly the hypothesis, almost casually mooted in 1990, that contaminated polio vaccine might have led to the pandemic.
Hooper, now in his late 40s, has a chequered past that includes bumming around Africa, working for the UN on food aid programmes and a spell as a journalist for the BBC and the Guardian. He has spent time in a Ugandan prison and was the first journalist to visit communities ravaged by Aids.
He has considered, investigated in depth and rejected all the other Aids source theories. He has conducted more than 600 interviews, delved in libraries and archives, collected hundreds of witness statements, and mapped for the first time the early spread of the disease. All his researches, he says, point towards contaminated polio vaccines being the culprit. And certainly there is an extraordinary coincidence between the Chat trials and the first incidents of Aids.
“The more I looked at it, the more everything came to support the hypothesis. I’ve tried to disprove it at every point. I’ve kept prodding it, trying to find its shortcomings. All the time I have acted the sceptic. It’s like chipping away at the foot of a rockface, coming across, piece by piece, real evidence of an incontrovertible event or series of events.
“I’ve interviewed everyone – Koprowski twice. I’ve sent him a set of 45 questions. But he has never replied. His memories are varying. Where I’ve hypothesised [about his actions] I have made it quite clear. I do not see how he can give categorical assurances that none of the batches of Chat vaccine made in Africa, Belgium or his laboratory was prepared in chimp kidneys.”
By any account, Hooper’s massive 500,000 word book, The River, published last year, is an epic medical detective work. It monstrously challenges the accepted establishment theory that Aids began by “natural transfer”, that it was casually passed to a human when a chimp was killed for bushmeat or when a chimp scratched its owner. His findings, right or wrong, pose fundamental ethical and philosophical questions about big science, the way the west used Africa as an experimental research laboratory and how science is conducting itself today.
On his own, Hooper admits he would never have had the scientific acumen to prove or disprove anything so complex. He received the guidance and advice of many scientists but particularly that of the eminent Oxford-based evolutionary biologist and Royal Society research professor Bill Hamilton, an undisputed star of British science and sometimes referred to as the “father of socio-biology”. Hamilton came to deeply respect Hooper’s open mind and investigative spirit, and travelled with him to Kinshasa and Sweden. But he died of malaria last year after a research trip. “We spoke up to three times a week for several years,” says Hooper. It is a touching picture: the man with one science O-level and a degree in American literature (Sussex University) being taught by one of the great minds of the 20th century. Hamilton even loaned Hooper £2,000 when he was flat broke and needed to continue his research. After he died Hooper found that he had never cashed his repayment cheque.
Hamilton wrote the foreword to The River. “Hooper is the kind of predator that all in Big Science should fear,” he wrote. “He has taught himself his way to honorary status in several branches of science – almost virologist, almost geneticist, almost evolutionist… The world needs lone researchers like Hooper. They reach truth faster than committees.”
Without Hamilton’s backing, the Royal Society conference planned for May but delayed until yesterday, would never have taken place. He would have been proud of his protege. Hooper came to the showdown to give his 25-minute paper, understandably nervous, one of the few “laymen” ever accorded a debate at one of the world’s leading science institutions.
He felt outnumbered by his critics, who included in the audience Plotkin and Koprowski, but he came with new evidence to support the vaccine hypothesis. In the past two months, he told the society yesterday afternoon, he had been back to central Africa and collected reputable eye-witness evidence that kidneys were extracted from chimps .
Some of the chimps, he claimed, were sacrificed and had both kidneys removed, others had a single kidney removed and were sewn up again, suggesting to Hooper a regular supply was needed for the Lindi experiments. He also found the original fridge where the kidneys were kept and presented circumstantial evidence that Koprowski’s chimp kidneys were sent to the US, Belgium and, for the first time, he claimed, to at least one vaccine-making laboratory in Africa itself.
“Whereas before I was 98% certain [that Aids started at Lindi camp] , now I’m 100%”, said Hooper, at home in a rambling Somerset farmhouse last week. “I’m now absolutely certain that the camp was being used to harvest the kidneys of the chimps. They [the Koprowski team] all say that they didn’t use them, but I believe they routinely extracted them and they were sent to Koprowski’s collaborators.”
Yesterday, Koprowski and Plotkin came out fighting: “Nothing suggests chimp kidneys were being used,” said Plotkin, who brought testaments from many scientists. He described Hooper’s correlation of vaccine tests with the first incidence of Aids as “an illusion”. Koprowski dismissed Hooper’s work as an “irresponsible fantasy”, denying he had acted unethically at any time. He admitted some facts had been lost to history but said: “I was there, Hooper was not. We never used chimp kidneys. A switch to a new substrate would not have been a whimsical decision.” In the past decade, he said, his reputation has been blackened.
Meanwhile, the Wistar Institute in America, for which Koprowski was working in the 1950s, announced yesterday its analysis of the only surviving Chat vaccine, showing that it had not been contaminated.
Hooper is unfazed: “It was only one batch of many. I have never claimed that all the Chat vaccine was contaminated,” he says.
The debate between the two rival theories has been bitter. Since The River was published Hooper has had his integrity questioned throughout. His powerful critics have accused him of being a “madman”, “a tenth-rate journalist”, a “conspiracy theorist”, of having “more time than sense”, and of being “speculative”. His accuracy has been questioned as well as his journalistic methods and motives.
John Moore, professor of microbiology and immunology at Cornell University, has accused him of “twisting and manipulating” facts, of being paid by his “crony Hamilton to write about his pet theory”. “Most scientists who have read your book regard you as a fool who is dabbling in a scientific area you do not understand,” he emailed Hooper after the book was published. “You have no credibility. Go back and learn your trade,” he said in another.
Hooper is not put off by what he calls the “bullying” .”There is a desire by those bitterly opposed to me to boot me out. I have been told that [my work] will reduce the confidence of the public in science, that it will stop people taking polio vaccinations today. It’s nonsense. This was one vaccine 40 years ago. I think they have their own agenda,” he says. “Who is the scientist and who the journalist in the way they are behaving?”
But he has his powerful supporters, too. Gordon Scott, former head of virology at Edinburgh University and head of of the East African Veterinary Research Organisation in the 1950s, said in a recent statement he gave to Hooper: “Our naivety in the 50s misled us to assume that… healthy donors of kidneys and serum were pristine carriers of pathogens. We all did it! The sequel was unforeseen, unforgivable contamination of the live virus vaccine… Some viral contaminants were missed and novel worldwide pandemics resulted. I cannot believe that everyone is so thick that they cannot see that this is an inevitable problem that needs to be addressed. It seems to me that fear of having to lose money or pay compensation drives your opposition. My colleagues in the Centre of Tropical Veterinary Medicine who have worked in the tropics have no difficulty in accepting your hypothesis.”
The implications of Hooper’s still-unproven hypothesis are awful. Matt Ridley, author of Genome and chair of the International Centre for Life says: “British scientists at the time warned there was a danger, so ignorance was not an excuse.
“Yet if Aids did not derive from a contaminated vaccine, they have nothing to fear from the truth. Surely they could provide evidence of what they did use. It is no longer enough to say that the hypothesis is too speculative and does not deserve to be tested. In terms of cause and effect it is now rather less speculative than the theory that salt causes high blood pressure.”
“At the very least”, said Hamilton before his death, “this theory of the origin of Aids merits our acute attention”.
Hooper is exhausted but optimistic. He believes he has found – but will not divulge the details yet – someone in the Congo who almost certainly received an original, very weak contaminated Chat vaccine who is still alive and has never developed Aids. She has agreed to have a blood test but it will be some time before the results are known. “It may be that those people who were fed the first Chat vaccines are able to provide significant clues towards the development of an aids vaccine”, he says.
On another level he is deeply worried. “This surely is the quintessential lesson that if we continue to be over-hasty in our pursuit of biotechnology advances we may as a species spark a chain reaction that leads to a terminal disaster. There are massive commercial pressures for xeno-transplantation to go ahead despite ever-present risks that undiscovered viruses may be passed from animals to humans during the transplantation process. Once again, this is an event that we may only know about years later.” BSE, he says is a classic case of what can happen.
“This investigation is an object lesson for science. I’m not sure we have moved far ahead from the 1950s when men in white coats were the priests and prophets of society. There is still an overweening arrogance in some branches of science. The attitude of we-know-best is still ever present.”
Origin of Aids: the debate
by James Meek
The venerable Royal Society has played host to many a clash of scientific personalities and opinions in its 340-year history. Seldom can it have witnessed anything like the confrontation between Ed Hooper, effectively a self-taught scientist, and the accumulated weight of scores of doctorates and professorships from all over the world. Their anger is, perhaps, not surprising. For distinguished elderly US scientists like Hilary Koprowski, used to being lauded as heroes in the vanquishing of polio, to be accused in the twilight of their lives of having being responsible – however unwittingly – for opening the door to the Aids pandemic is no mere academic dispute. Reputations, and their place in the history of medicine, are at stake. And yet, Hooper is more convinced than ever that he is right.
There was no concealing the hostility between Hooper, on the one hand, and Koprowski, together with his collaborator from the era, Stanley Plotkin, on the other. Each side accused the other of lies and distortions; on one occasion, they brandished rival signed statements from the same Belgian vet of the colonial era. Hooper said “untoward approaches” had been made to scientists and health workers who had been in central Africa in the 1950s, urging them to “sign letters which would change the content or emphasis of their previous testimony.”
Plotkin countered with screeds of testimonials from staff at the labs where the vaccines were made, in the US and Belgium, denying any knowledge of chimp kidneys being used to make vaccines.
The mainstream theory goes like this. For decades, perhaps centuries, wild chimpanzees have carried a virus, SIVcpz, which is genetically close to HIV. The virus has adapted to its host: it does not give carrier chimps Aids. In Africa, man and chimp have, historically, often come into contact. Chimps are caught and eaten – “bush meat” – or kept as pets. Occasionally, accidents will have happened which resulted in an SIV-infected chimp passing the virus on to a human being, through an open wound, for instance. The virus could then mutate to adapt to its new host ,and become HIV.
In the early part of the last century, when communications in Africa were poor, early outbreaks of HIV would not have spread, and the disease would not have been seen for what it was. Only with the postwar period and the growth of international travel would it have taken off. Some scientists point out that the introduction of reusable syringes and blood transfusions into Africa would have been the perfect way for a virus to spread quickly.
Probably the strongest argument in favour of the natural transfer theory is that viruses jump species barriers regularly, apparently without direct human intervention – as with the spread of canine distemper virus to seals in north-western Europe in the late 1980s. Most of the other scientific evidence about the origins of Aids is less an argument in favour of the natural transfer theory than an argument against Hooper’s OPV theory, which is not the same thing. Hooper maintains that the pattern of early HIV cases in Africa, suspected and confirmed, starting with the first known case – that of a patient in present-day Kinshasa, then Leopoldville, in 1959 – coincides remarkably with the pattern of vaccinations of a million people in Congo, Rwanda and Burundi with an experimental polio vaccine, Chat, between 1957 and 1960.
Chat, made by Koprowski and colleagues of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, was made in the way other polio vaccines of the era were made, by attenuating it through a culture made of simian kidneys.
In the late 1950s, Koprowski and his team set up a facility near Stanleyville, now Kisangani, where a large number of locally captured chimps were kept. Ostensibly the chimps were to be used to test the vaccine before it was fed, orally, to vaccinees. But after years of interviews and digging through the scant records available, Hooper argues that the number of chimps killed at the facility and the number of polio tests carried out on them do not tally up.
Scores of extra chimps were being killed, he argues – and the most likely reason was that they were being killed for their kidneys, which were then used to make some of the Chat vaccine, either in the Congo, the US or Belgium. Some of the kidneys would have been contaminated with SIV, which would then have infected those vaccinated.
Leaving aside the categorical denials of the surviving members of the Koprowski team that they ever used chimp kidneys to make vaccines, some have argued that Hooper’s correlation of early HIV cases with vaccination sites is not as precise as he makes out.
Another argument is based on computer analysis of the rate of mutation of the DNA of HIV. There are several distinct strains of HIV, and their earliest common ancestor seems to date back to before the second world war – in other words, before the Chat vaccine appeared.
Hooper counters that this is irrelevant to his theory. The different strains of HIV could, he points out, merely be different strains of SIV, passed on to vaccinees from different chimp kidneys at different times during the vaccination programme.
Analysis of present-day chimp SIV had been used against Hooper, with the claim that the species of chimp with the SIV closest to HIV was found outside the area where Koprowski’s chimps were captured. But this evidence had lately been thrown into question. It looks bad for Hooper that residual samples from the Wistar Institute have now been tested from independent labs and been found to be free of SIV contamination and to have been made from another type of primate, probably a macaque monkey. However, this does not necessarily prove him wrong; only that monkey kidneys were used for at least some Chat manufacture.
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Tags: AIDS, DOW CHEMICALS, EBOLA, FLV, GREEN MONKEYS, Koprowski, LITTON BIONETICS, LUC MONAGNIER, MARBURG, ROBERT GALLO
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