Integrity of mitochondria and its role in sustaining the immune system may be compromised by antibiotics, pesticides and covid. 2022-07-06. Jorma Jyrkkanen

Abstract Mitochondria are key organelles involved in energy production, functioning as the metabolic hubs of cells. Recent findings emphasize the emerging role of the mitochondrion as a key intracellular signaling platform regulating innate immune and inflammatory responses. Several mitochondrial proteins and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species have emerged as central players orchestrating the innate immune responses to pathogens and damaging ligands. This review explores our current understanding of the roles played by mitochondria in regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses. Recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between autophagy, mitochondria, and inflammasome activation are also briefly discussed. A comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial role in toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses and NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation, will facilitate development of novel therapeutics to treat various infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. (Jin HS, Suh HW, Kim SJ, Jo EK April 20 2017) Antibiotics can compromise the microbial community thereby compromising the immune system through that avenue. REVIEW Metabolites: messengers between the microbiota and the immune system The mammalian intestine harbors one of the largest mi- crobial densities on Earth, necessitating the implementa- tion of control mechanisms by which the host evaluates the state of microbial colonization and reacts to devia- tions from homeostasis. While microbial recognition by the innate immune system has been firmly established as an efficient means by which the host evaluates micro- bial presence, recent work has uncovered a central role for bacterial metabolites in the orchestration of the host im -mune response. In this review, we highlight examples of how microbiota-modulated metabolites control the devel- opment, differentiation, and activity of the immune sys- tem and classify them into functional categories that illustrate the spectrum of ways by which microbial me- tabolites influence host physiology. A comprehensive un- derstanding of how microbiota-derived metabolites shape the human immune system is critical for the rational de- sign of therapies for microbiota-driven diseases. (aayan Levy,1 Christoph A. Thaiss, 1 and Eran Elinav Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are bacterial fermentation products, which are chemically composed by a carboxylic acid moiety and a small hydrocarbon chain. Among them, acetic, propionic and butyric acids are the most studied, presenting, respectively, two, three and four carbons in their chemical structure. These metabolites are found in high concentrations in the intestinal tract, from where they are uptaken by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The SCFAs are partially used as a source of ATP by these cells. In addition, SCFA act as a link between the microbiota and the immune system by modulating different aspects of IECs and leukocytes development, survival and function through activation of G protein coupled receptors (FFAR2, FFAR3, GPR109a and Olfr78) and by modulation of the activity of enzymes and transcription factors including the histone acetyltransferase and deacetylase and the hypoxia-inducible factor. Considering that, it is not a surprise, the fact that these molecules and/or their targets are suggested to have an important role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and that changes in components of this system are associated with pathological conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and others. Corrêa-Oliveira R, Fachi JL, Vieira A, Sato FT, Vinolo . SCFA's may be compromised by antibiotics and other substances impacting gut microbia. Ref: Corrêa-Oliveira R, Fachi JL, Vieira A, Sato FT, Vinolo Regulationofimmune cellfunctionby short-chain fatty acids. Clin Transl Immunology. 2016 Apr 22;5(4):e73. doi: 10.1038/cti.2016.17. PMID: 27195116; PMCID: PMC4855267. Jin HS, Suh HW, Kim SJ, Jo EK. Mitochondrial Control of Innate Immunity and Inflammation. Immune Netw. 2017 Apr;17(2):77-88. doi: 10.4110/in.2017.17.2.77. Epub 2017 Apr 20. PMID: 28458619; PMCID: PMC5407986. Lactate can help boost the immune system so if you get that burn and feel fatigue this is helpful apparently.