Autopsies of those who died with COVID-19 find virus in the brain, multiple organs: Studies. In Nature and Queens University Research. 5 Jan 2023. Jorma Jyrkkanen

Histology. Draft

How COVID-19 damages lungs

Hope, Drpitor-1A, Mitochondrial Fission Inhibitor Queens University mitochondrial Investigation Team. https://www.queensu.ca/gazette/stories/how-covid-19-damages-lungs

Astrocytes Attacked in Brain Covid

Astrocytes Play an Important Role in Brain Innate Immunity https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6509634/ Although astrocytes have so far only been regarded as neuronal supportive cells, assisting with CNS homeostasis regulation (46), various studies indicate astrocytes' role in the regulation of microglial phenotypes and functions, as well as the innate immune response within the CNS (43,47,48), making them secondary targets for EMF therapy of the CNS. One of the main signaling molecules within the astrocyte activation cascade is ORM2, which plays a role in proinflammatory cytokine release. This, together with their ability to restrict the penetration of immune cells through the blood brain barrier (BBB), makes astrocytes active players in neuroinflammation and subsequent neurorestoration (49). Depending on the nature of the stimuli, they can promote tissue regeneration and repair (A2 reactive astrocytosis) or amplify the immune reaction and cause further tissue damage (A1 reactive astrocytosis) (44,50). Through secretion of ORM2, which blocks CCL4-CCR5 interaction (51), astrocytes can either inhibit microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine release or enhance microglial activity through up-regulation of LCN2 (52,53), MCP-1/CCL2 (54), IP-10/CXCL10 (54), or TGF-β (55). Moreover, by expressing innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like (TLRs), NOD-like (NLRs), complement, mannose, and scavenger receptors, astrocytes establish a close crosstalk with the surrounding microglia within the CNS in order to eliminate pathogens, restore the tissue, or initiate scar formation (43,47,56,57). Furthermore, recent studies have shown that microglia-astrocyte crosstalk is a vital step in the CNS's innate response to inflammation or injury, revealing that the astrocyte's response to TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 is greatly enhanced by, or directly related to, the presence of microglia within the surrounding tissue (58,59). This indicates a crucial interaction between astrocytes and microglia in neurorestoration and neurorepair and defines them as crucial molecular targets for EMF therapy and crucial players in potential subsequent neurorestoration. It is only through carefully coordinated interactions of microglia and astrocytes that inflammatory responses can be regulated and resolved. While A1 astrocytes are pro-inflammatory, exhibiting the up-regulation of genes potentially destructive to synapses, and are induced by microglial secretion of Il-1α, TNFα, and C1q, A2 reactive astrocytes secrete proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis (43). On top of this, since they are activated under ischemic conditions, A2 astrocytes possess neuroprotective and neurorestorative functions and show the phenotype needed to be evoked for EMF therapy to effectively cause neuroregeneration (50,60,61). Thus, astrocytes and microglia both play a dual role in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation by either furthering the immune response and postponing restoration or decreasing the inflammation and initiating neuroprotection. This makes them potential targets for electromagnetic field therapy of the CNS, enabling initiation of neurorestoration. 1800 MHz RF Widely Used in Radio Communication Impairs Neurite Growth I Have found that EMF has important effects on Brain Cells depending on frequency and also has a link to leukemia and Brain cancers. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12 April 2021 Sec. Cell Growth and Division https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.657623 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Impairs Neurite Outgrowth Through Inhibiting EPHA5